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Home | European Union Papers | General | Historical documents (3)

Historical documents (3)

  1945-1958

Protocol of the Yalta Conference  (March 1945)

PHOTO Conference here and here.

 US News report  

 US President Roosevelt  on his return from the Conference

 Text Churchill to Truman (May 1945) outlining his worries about the East-West split after the war and using the “iron curtain” phrase that he was to use later in his Fulton speech

 The United Nations Charter (June 1945) providing the umbrella over much of the US-inspired post-war institutional architecture and the framework for ensuring World security.

 The signatures on the UN Charter and photos of some of the delegates by Ralph Bunche

 Protocol of the Potsdam Agreement (August 1945)… and here 

 The "big tree"  

 Churchill’s Speech at Fulton Missouri in which, as the leader of British  the Conservative opposition party, he coined the phrase the “iron curtain” to describe the division of Europe. Also available here.

 Churchill and Truman Churchill and Truman (scroll to near bottom of page)

 The introductions and full speech and extract

  Churchill greeting crowds Churchill greeting the crowds

 extract available here and here

Churchill's speech at Zurich University, September 1946

The Hertenstein Programme. (September 1946)

Truman Doctrine (March 1947) and here 

 Truman (with Marshall)  

 Entire Speech

 Marshall Plan and here (1947) offering US economic assistance for European recovery

For photo's try www.archives.gov

 Entire Speech and here

 Conference in session

 European Recovery Program Basic Document 1 (October 1947)

European Recovery and American Aid. A Report by the President’s Committee on Foreign Aid (November 1947) Parts 1 & 2, Part 3 

 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) Down load in WP from here  or pdf here. This agreement was to establish the rules of multilateral tariff negotiations, international primary product cartels and customs unions and free trade areas. When the international Trado Organisation failed to materialise, it became the main international trade organisation. 

Brussels Treaty (March 1948) or here or here.   
The “Treaty of Economic Social and Cultural Cooperation and Collective Self-Defence” was signed by France the UK and the Benelux countries and was originally directed against a resurgent Germany. Some argue that it was less a defence agreement than a decleration of incompetence and a signal for US military help. 

European Cooperation Act (April 1948)which gave effect to Marshall Aid by committing the US to economic assistance to Europe and outlining its modalities. 

 Truman signing the Act

US clip 

Charter International Trade Organization  (March 1948) Extracts.
The ITO as indended as the trade counterpart to the IMF. It was a creation of the US Democratic Administration but fell foul of a protectionist Congress and the indifference of the Republican Eisenhower Administration. Only the GATT agreement survived.

 Hague Congress (May 1948) Full verbatim reports, texts and resolutions see also here 
The Congress was a show-piece of the various pan-European federalist movements and was attended by over delegates, including many prominent statesmen (mostly out of office). Its texts prepared the evental creation of the Council of Europe.

 Conference in session

 Vandenberg Resolution (July 1948) US Senate resolution clearing the way for US participation in collective security agreements.

 Acheson Speech (April 1949) on the proposed NATO Treaty.

 NATO Treaty (April 1949)
This was the "entangling alliance" that many in the US had hoped to avoid, but it formed the basis for Western collevtive security for the duration of the Cold War and beyond.

 A collection of photos from signing ceremony

 US  President Truman at the signature (extract)

 Statute of the Council of Europe (May 1949)
The Council of Europe represented the confluence of federalist, parliamentarian ambitions and the need of its founders to obtain the unanimity necessary for its creation. The mixture was to prove an almost fatal one.

 Signatures on the Treaty 

RADIO audio extract UK Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin at signature of Council of Europe (May 1949)

RADIO audio extract Chuchill celebrates the Council of Europe in Strasbourg (August 1949)

 Council of Europe, Full minutes and Decisions of Sessions 1-6 of the Committee of Ministers  (August 1949-November 1950)

 Truman Statement (September 1949) announcing the successful Soviet testing of an atomic bomb.

 Hoffmann Speech (October 1949). 
The speech of ECA leader Paul Hoffman to the OEEC came as the half-way point of Marshall Aid approached. It warned that if Europe did not reduce the dollar gap by measures of “ European integration” (a phrase  repeatedly used, to hammer home the  point) future Congressional requisitions might be less generous.

PHOTO Portrait (and oral history)

 NSC-68 (April 1950)
One of the defining documents of the Cold War setting out the US assessment of the effectiveness of a Soviet attack and concluding that, even with the early use of nuclear weapons, most of Western Europe fall to the Russians. The only option was US and European rearmament and the remilitarisation of West Germany.

 Schuman Plan (May 1950)  in all languages and here in French. The surprise announcement in which France proposed pooling its coal and steel resources with those of Germany under a single High Authority, thereby launching Europe’s first supranational community. Would result in the creation of a six country European Coal and Steel Community  (ECSC).

 PHOTO First page of the text of the Schuman Plan

TELEVISION Extract from beginning of speech   

Schuman presenting the plans for an ECSC to the Assembly of the Council of Europe (August 1950)

RADIO audio extract here

 US Call for German rearmament (August-September 1950) A selection of US archive documents compiled by Marc Trachtenberg. Already with NSC-68, the US authorities had decided on the need to rearm Germany. Using the outbreak of the Korean War as a cover, it now made this policy public.

NATO Council (September 1950) Final Comminqué

PHOTO Portrait 

 RADIO Extract from Konrad Adenauer on German security (October 1950) go to item 10

The Pleven Plan (October 1950), available at the European Navigator (ENA).

 RADIO Konrad Adenauer and Kurt von dem Schumacker participating in the Bundesadg debate on a German defence contribution (November 1950)

 Schuman address to the Assembly of the Council of Europe on European Defence (November 1950)  ALSO in French

RADIO audio extract here

 Treaty of Paris (1951) establishing the European Coal and Steel Community. The original treaty can be downloaded from here

RADIO Interview with Konrad Adenauer after the signing

TELEVISION A Compilation of images and words on the Schuman Plan and the treaty signature (loses sound halfway)

TELEVISION French TV Report
Ministerial addresses to the Council of Europe (December 1951)

RADIO audio extract of Italian foreign minister Alcide De Gasperi

RADIO audio extract of Belgian foreign minister Paul-Henri

RADIO audio extract of German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer

 RADIO Erich Ollenhauer and Franz Joseph Strauss in the EDC debate (February 1952)

 The European Defence Community Treaty (May 1952) establishing a European army and, by implication, a common European security and foreign policy.

PHOTO Signatures on the Treaty

Protocol between the EDC and NATO (May 1952) 

The Luxembourg Resolution (September 1952), adopted by the foreign member states of the Six. (ENA)

The Beyen Plan for a customs union within ' The Six'. (ENA)

The Draft Treaty for a European Political Community
In French (May 1953) Responding to French and Italian initiatives, the six EDC countries had decided to advance the clauses clauses for restructuring political control over the EDC on a permanent basis. The task of drafting a treaty was entrusted to European parliamentarians constituted in an Ad Hoc Assembly. This highly federalist treaty was the outcome. It was soon to be unraveled in the subsequent IGC and it died the death when the EDC collapsed.
 
President Eisenhowers’s “Atoms for Peace" speech to UN Assembly (December 1953) proposing making US fissionable material available to the World for peaceful uses. It was later to form the basis for  the offer to the Six when they were negotiating the Euratom treaty, thereby robbing the treaty of its main rationale.

RADIO Audio File available here.

 Nine Power Conference (September-October 1954) on German rearmament following the failure of the EDC

 Paris Agreements (October 1954)

 Jean Monnet’s address to the Assembly of the Coal and Steel Community (November 1954)

  Gustav Heinemann on the situation after the rejection of the EDC Treaty (January 1955)

  BBC report of Germany’s admission to membership of NATO (May 1955)

 Speech of Konrad Adenauer and extract here 

  French Interview with Jean Monet (1955)

The Six at Messina (where is Russel Bretherton for the UK?)

Statement by the US Depertment of State on US views on European integration (January 1957).

  March 1957 German chief negotiator Walter Hallstein on the Rome treaties (March 1957)

 Treaty of Rome (1957) establishing the European Economic Community. The original treaty can be downloaded from here in all languages and here in French

 Euratom Treaty (1957) establishing the European Atomic Energy Community. The original treaty can be downloaded from here in all languages and here in French

 Benelux treaty on Economic Union (February 1958) Still hoping to shape developments by staying one step ahead, the Benelux countries agree to strengthening their union. They were soon overtaken by events within the EEC.

  BBC Report on De Gaulle’s returns to power in France (June 1958)

 Collection on the end of the IV Republic

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Quotes & Sayings

Find a job you like and you add five days to every week.
- H J Browne

Work harder on yourself than you do on your job.
- Jim Rohn

Pleasure in the job puts perfection in the work.

The job of the artist is to deepen the mystery.
- F Bacon

A Real job is a job you hate.

Doing a job badly and then getting someone in to sort it out can be much more expensive than getting someone in to do the job properly in the first place.
- Sarah Beeny

If you want to be comfortable then take an easy job. If you aspire to leadership, just take off your coat.

Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life.
- Confucius

All paid jobs absorb and degrade the mind.

Start your career with the hard jobs.The easy jobs will take care of themselves.

Why compare yourself with others? No one in the entire world can do a better job of being you than you.

The only job where you start at the top, is digging a hole.

My job is a job to make decisions. I’m a decision. if the job description were, what do you do. it’s decision maker.
- George Bushism

Never turn down a job because you think it’s too small; you don’t know where it can lead.
- Julia M

Many people quit looking for work when they find a job.

The problem with the designated driver program, it’s not a desirable job, but if you ever get sucked into doing it, have fun with it. At the end of the night, drop them off at the wrong house.
- Jeff Foxworthy

I have never liked working. To me a job is an invasion of privacy.
- D McGoorty

If your’re not practicing, somebody else is, somewhere, and he’ll be ready to take your job.
- B Robinson

We pretend to work because they pretend to pay us.
- Anonymous

Some of us will do our jobs well and some will not, but we will be judged by only one thing. the result.
- Vince Lombardi

My son is now an “entrepreneur.” That’s what you are called when you don’t have a job.
- Ted Turner

The hardest job kids face today is learning good manners without seeing any.
- F Astaire

If you have a job without any aggravations, you don’t have a job.
- M S Forbes

If today I stand here as a revolutionary, it is as a revolutionary against the Revolution.
- Adolf Hitler

We, the people, are the rightful masters of both congress and the courts - not to overthrow the constitution, but to overthrow men who pervert the constitution.
- Abe Lincoln

We know that this mad dog of the Middle East has a goal of a world revolution.
- Ronald Reagan

Those who make peaceful revolution impossible will make violent revolution inevitable.
- John F. Kennedy

Those few days after Kent State were among the darkest of my presidency.
- Richard Nixon

Success is the sole earthly judge of right or wrong.
- Adolf Hitler

I detest war; it ruins conversation
- Bernard Fontenelle

Liberty means responsibility. That is why most men dread it.
- George Bernard Shaw

Among the many misdeeds of the British rule in India, history will look upon the Act depriving a whole nation of arms as the blackest.
- Mahtma Gandhi

Illegal aliens have always been a problem in the United States. Ask any Indian.
- Robert Orben

The Catholic and the Communist are alike in assuming that an opponent cannot be both honest and intelligent.
- George Orwell

Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.
- George Orwell

Sometimes the first duty of intelligent men is the restatement of the obvious.
- George Orwell

Myths which are believed in tend to become true.
- George Orwell

To accept civilization as it is practically means accepting decay.
- George Orwell

Religion is what keeps the poor from murdering the rich.
- Napoleon

The believer is happy, the doubter wise.
- Greek Proverb

Those who fail to fail to learn history, are doomed to repeat it.
- Wilston Churchill

Education, Education, Education(well known mantra)
- Tony Blair

Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible.
- Lord Kelvin

Honey, I forgot to duck
- President Reagan to his wife, Nancy after being shot

Nationalism is power hunger tempered by self-deception.
- George Orwell

If you tell the truth, you don’t have to remember anything.
- Mark Twain

I think this is the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge, that has ever been gathered at the White House—with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.
- John F Kennedy

If a book be false in its facts, disprove them; if false in its reasoning, refute it. But for God’s sake, let us freely hear both sides if we choose.
- Thomas Jefferson to N. G. DufiefÂ

Truth between candid minds can never do harm.
- Thomas Jefferson

The Catholic and the Communist are alike in assuming that an opponent cannot be both honest and intelligent.
- George Orwell

You must be the change you wish to see in the world.
- Mahatama Gandhi

Those who stand for nothing fall for anything.
- Alexander Hamilton

The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter.
- Winston Churchill

The ballot is stronger than the bullet.
- Abraham Lincoln

You are remembered for the rules you break.
- Douglas MacArthur

Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing had happened.
- Winston Churchill

In politics, stupidity is not a handicap.
- Napoleon

Reading is the basics for all learning.
- George W. Bush

In my country we go to prison first and then become President.
- Nelson Mandela

I have opinions of my own - strong opinions - but I don’t always agree with them.
- George Bush

Things are more like they are now than they have ever been.
- President Gerald Ford

I’m not going to have some reporters pawing through our papers. We are the president.
- Hillary Clinton

Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all others because you were born in it.
- G.B. Shaw

Politics gives guys so much power that they tend to behave badly around women. And I hope I never get into that.
- Bill Clinton

History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.
- Sir Winston Churchill

Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.
- Abraham Lincoln

We’re concerned about AIDS inside our White House-make no mistake about it.
- George W. Bush

When I was a boy I was told that anybody could become President; I’m beginning to believe it.Â
-Clarence Darrow

The reason there are so few female politicians is that it is too much trouble to put makeup on two faces.Ă‚
-Maureen Murphy

Some men change their party for the sake of their principles; others their principles for the sake of their party.Ă‚
-Winston Churchill

The ballot is stronger than the bullet.
- Abraham Lincoln

We live in a world in which politics has replaced philosophy.
- Martin L. Gross

Politicians should read science fiction, not westerns and detective stories.
- Arthur C. Clarke

In order to become the master, the politician poses as the servant.
- Charles de Gaulle

Bad officials are elected by good citizens who do not vote.
- George Jean Nathan

A politician thinks of the next election; a statesman thinks of the next generation.
- James Freeman Clarke,

We build too many walls and not enough bridges.
- Isaac Newton

Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.
- Mao Tse Tung

We hang the petty thieves and appoint the great ones to public office.
- Aesop

Politics is war without bloodshed while war is politics with bloodshed.
- Mao Tse Tung

Politicians are the same all over. They promise to build a bridge even where they is no river.
- Nikita

The reason there are so few female politicians is that it is too much trouble to put makeup on two faces.
- Maureen Murphy

In politics stupidity is not a handicap.
- Napoleon Bonaparte

There are far too many men in politics and not enough elsewhere.
- Hermione Gingold

An oppressive government is more to be feared than a tiger.
- Confucius

Mothers all want their sons to grow up to be president but they don’t want them to become politicians in the process.
- John F. Kennedy

The politicians were talking themselves red, white and blue in the face.
- Clare Boothe Luce

A conservative is a man who just sits and thinks, mostly sits.
- Woodrow Wilson

During a campaign the air is full of speeches - and vice versa.
- Anonymous

Conservatives define themselves in terms of what they oppose.
- George Will

Democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried.
- Winston Churchill

A politician will stand for what he thinks people will fall for.
- Anonymous

No government can be long secure without formidable opposition.
- Benjamin Disraeli

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